Can You Steer A Hot Air Balloon?

Yes, you can steer a hot air balloon! Hot air balloons don’t have steering wheels, but hot air balloon pilots use the wind direction and speed at different heights in order to control the direction and steer the balloon. Hot air balloon pilots control their ascent and descent but can’t steer the balloon horizontally without changing altitude.

How Do Hot Air Balloons Control Their Altitude?

It’s pretty simple: Hot air balloon pilots use the burner to add heat to the balloon to ascend and can use a vent at the top of the balloon to release hot air and cool the balloon to descend.

Heating The Air Inside The Balloon

To gain altitude or rise, balloon pilots introduce heat into the balloon’s envelope by firing up the burner. The burner combusts propane on the pilot lights, producing a flame that directly heats the air inside the envelope. As the air inside warms, it expands and becomes less dense than the cooler air outside. This causes the balloon to rise.

Cooling The Air

To lose altitude or descend, hot air balloon pilots reduce the burner’s flame or turn it off to allow the air inside the balloon to cool. As the air cools, it contracts and becomes denser, causing the balloon to descend. Additionally, many hot air balloons have a vent at the top, known as a “parachute valve” or “deflation port,” which the pilot can open to release hot air quickly, making the balloon descend faster if needed. Vents are primarily used during landing to help balloon pilots land their balloons in an appropriate and safe area.

Steering A Hot Air Balloon Is Both Art And Science

Steering hot air balloons to specific landing sites is an art and science. Surprisingly at Seattle Ballooning, we steer our balloons to the same 6 landing sites 74% of the time. It doesn’t matter if it’s a sunrise or sunset hot air balloon ride, our experienced balloon pilots are able to control the balloon and navigate to specific locations. The weather and wind is different on every flight, but by understanding the winds aloft can really help a balloon pilot get to the location they want. By the end of this article, you’ll have a deep understanding of how hot air balloon pilots flight plan and steer balloons. Balloon navigation and flight planning can be broken down into a few areas. Pre-flight wind direction and weather conditions, on-field observed wind direction, in fight surface wind direction, and winds at altitude.

Pre-Flight Weather And General Direction Of Flight

So where does the weather education process start before your balloon ride? Our process at Seattle Ballooning starts 72 hours out. A final decision is made a few hours before the planned hot air balloon ride. Balloon pilots get weather and wind information from a variety of sources. Our pilots at Seattle Ballooning have a few favorites:

Weather Resources

● Usairnet.com – Usairnet gives a good general idea of the ground wind direction and whether there will be strong winds or slow winds on the surface. It also shows the temperature, air pressure, humidity, and dew point spread (basically it tells you if it will be a good day to fly and what altitude the clouds will be at).

● RUC Sounding display – This is an amazing weather resource for balloon pilots as it gives specific atmospheric conditions. It’s a little more technical, but it shows you how the wind direction and speed will change during the balloon flight time. It also can show you if fog or onshore flow is forecasted for a specific time. Often it can look beautiful out with slow surface winds. What you learn from resources like this is, that the wind at 200 feet off the ground may be doing 20 Mph halfway through your flight.

● Washington Weather Discussion – In the state of Washington, we are very lucky to have the University of Washington. They provide detailed, updated weather discussions every 6 hours.

● Our pilots have access to real-time radar using Foreflight and other weather-related applications directly on their mobile devices.

Prior to the flight, all our pilots use 1-800-WX-BRIEF and speak to a flight briefer. These flight briefers have an arsenal of tools and can be very helpful in confirming information about thunderstorms and unexpected weather phenomena.

If the weather conditions look promising, the hot air balloon pilot, passengers, and ground crew will head out to a launch location. Most hot air balloon pilots have 5 -10 launch locations in all directions over a 10-mile radius. That way no matter the direction of the wind, they are able to fly and steer their balloon to a good landing site. That makes sense, right? During the drive to the launch locations, pilots gather key data by keeping their eyes out for signs of what the wind is doing on the surface. Flags, smoke, and how much the tree branches are moving can give valuable information. For safe operation, balloon pilots do not typically launch balloons in more than 12 Kts of wind.

At The Balloon Launch Location: On-Field Observed Wind Direction

At Seattle Ballooning, we use 17″ balloons, otherwise known as Pibals. We fill our pibals with helium or hydrogen, release it in the air, and try to watch it for as long as possible (sometimes up to 8 minutes). Helium pibals rise at approximately 400 feet per minute, allowing balloon pilots to determine the direction and speed of the winds aloft. From an outsider’s view, it is very confusing to see 10 random people looking up into the sky for 6-8 minutes. If the direction and speed are consistent with the forecasted winds, the balloon pilot and crew will start the inflation process.

In-Flight Surface Wind

Ok! The nylon fabric balloon is inflated, the propane burner is on, the passengers are loaded, and the hot air balloon launches into the air. After initially ascending to 1000 feet, it’s important to see what kind of steerage there is below. The wind direction changes for a variety of reasons. Almost all wind is created by differences in pressure and changes in temperature. If the sun is out and warming up the surface of the earth (convection heating), the wind will be constantly changing. So do balloon pilots have X-ray vision that allows them to see the wind? I wish. Instead balloon pilots drop items out of the balloon basket. The FAA’s rule is you can actually drop anything out of an aircraft as long as it does not damage any person or property.

X-Ray Vision: Seeing Winds Beneath You

Balloon pilots drop objects that are light and can easily be carried by the wind. Many pilots use the age-old technique of spitting over the side of the balloon basket and watching intently as the wind shifts it from side to side. This works great, except sometimes becomes difficult as you run out of saliva about halfway through the flight. The classier way is to use shaving cream or popcorn! Shaving cream is light in weight and when sprayed over the side of the basket can be easily seen for a few thousand feet. Every hot air balloon pilot has their favorite wind discovery device. I’ve seen hot air balloon pilots use shaving cream, popcorn, rose petals, wood shavings, and even cheezy poofs! If one morning, you’re on your porch drinking a warm cup of coffee, and a cheesy poof lands in your cup, you’ll know it’s just a hot air balloon pilot trying to see what the winds are doing.

via GIPHY

When a balloon pilot knows what the winds are doing on the surface, and aloft, it’s possible to steer the balloon to a specific area. The balloon pilot tacks by going up and down in altitude. Sometimes, that change in direction requires the balloon to ascend 5000 ft – 8000 ft. One of the challenges of piloting a hot air balloon is that we are limited by airspace. Hot air balloons rarely use Class B airspace as it requires a transponder and talking to a major airport’s tower. This means there may be wind going in a different direction you want at altitude, but you don’t have permission to use it.

How Do Hot Air Balloons Land?

Hot air ballooning is an incredible sport. However, landing can be challenging depending on the wind conditions. Hot air balloon landings are very different from traditional aircraft that have wheels. As the balloon approaches a landing location, the pilot will descend the balloon under 500 feet. Next time you see a balloon right at tree top, or flying low over houses, you’ll know it’s just a balloon about to land. When an appropriate location is selected, the pilot will bring the balloon down to a few feet above the surface and pull the deflation valve line.  This valve lets hot air out the top of the balloon and allows the balloon basket to land softly on the ground. Our commercial hot air balloons at Seattle Ballooning use state-of-the-art parachute valves, giving our pilots better control on final landing approaches.

How Specific Can You Steer A Hot Air Balloon (That’s What Hot Air Balloon Competition Is All About)

Our team of pilots at Seattle Ballooning loves to compete on the national and world levels. Competitive ballooning combines the precision of Golf, the directional use of wind for sailing, and Nascar, as up to 115 competitors fly at a time. Amanda, one of our pilots, is the current US Female Champion. Pilot Cameron participated in JR Worlds last year, and Pilot Eliav is competing at the World Balloon Competition in Hungary this September!

Now that you know how pilots steer hot air balloons, you’re either ready to start your training or probably ready to book your hot air balloon flight. Check out the History of Ballooning and When the Hot Air Balloon was Invented! The best way to book your flight is at http://www.seattleballooning.com

Want To Learn More About How Hot Air Balloons Work?

We wrote a great article that goes into depth about how hot air balloons work. Hope you enjoy it!

Interested in buying a hot air balloon? Check out our Guide To Buying A Used Or New Hot Air Balloon

How Hot Air Balloons Work (Simple Answer)

Hot air balloons work by using heat to make the air inside the balloon lighter than the air outside the balloon. The balloon is made out of a special type of fabric that is very thin and light. It is shaped like a giant bag and has an opening at the bottom.

When the pilot turns on the burner, the air inside the balloon gets hot and begins to rise. As the hot air rises, it fills up the balloon and makes it rise into the sky. The pilot can control how high or low the balloon goes by turning the burner on or off.

How Hot Air Balloons Work (In-depth Explanation)

By the end of this article, you’ll have a really good idea of how hot air balloons fly, how hot air balloons are steered, and the weather that impacts them. There are links to other pages with additional details on specific elements if you want to nerd out. Let’s start off with the different types of balloons so that you can easily understand the differences.

Hot Air Balloons Vs. Gas Balloons

Hot air ballooning and gas ballooning were invented in 1783 within ten days of each other. Although they are both balloons, gas ballooning and hot air ballooning couldn’t be more different in the way they are designed and work.

Hot Air Balloons

Ed Yost invented modern-day hot air balloons from Raven Industries as a cover for a CIA extraction program using balloons as extraction and spy units for the US Navy. They use propane to heat the air inside the balloon’s envelope, which causes the air to expand and become less dense, allowing the balloon to rise into the air. Hot air balloons are the most common type of lighter-than-air aircraft. Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier and his brother developed the idea for the hot air balloon in 1783.

Gas Balloons

Gas balloons use hydrogen gas or helium as their buoyancy gas. Pilots release small amounts of sand to ascend and use a value to release some gas to descend. Gas balloons were used during the civil war, world war I, and World War II. 

Hybrid Balloons

Hybrid balloons are a type of lighter-than-air aircraft that use both hot air and helium to achieve buoyancy. They are also known as Rozier balloons, named after Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, one of the pioneers of ballooning who designed the first hybrid balloon in the late 18th century. Hybrid balloons are essentially a combination of hot air balloons and gas balloons, as they use a combination of heated air and a lighter-than-air gas to generate lift.

The way that hybrid balloons work is quite ingenious. The main part of the balloon is called the envelope, which is similar to a hot air balloon envelope and is made of heavy-weight ripstop nylon fabric. The envelope is divided into two sections: the lower part is filled with hot air, which is heated by a burner that runs on a fuel source, typically propane or butane. The upper part of the envelope is filled with helium, a lighter-than-air gas, which provides additional buoyancy.

By using both hot air and helium, hybrid balloons can take advantage of the best features of both types of balloons. They can generate lift using the hot air, just like a hot air balloon, and they can achieve a higher altitude and carry a heavier payload using the helium, just like a gas balloon. Hybrid balloons can also fly for longer periods than hot air balloons, as helium provides a more constant source of lift. Most long-distance flights and flights around the world use these Rozier-type balloons.

Solar Balloons

Solar balloons are a type of hot air balloon that uses the sun’s heat to heat the air inside the balloon’s envelope. This is achieved through the use of special fabric that is designed to absorb and retain the sun’s energy. Solar balloons are typically made of a transparent or semi-transparent material, such as polyethylene or mylar, which allows the sun’s rays to pass through and heat the air inside the balloon. Some solar balloons are also coated with a reflective material, such as aluminum, which helps to reflect and amplify the sun’s heat.

One of the main advantages of solar balloons is that they can fly without a traditional burner, which means that they do not need a fuel source such as propane. This makes solar balloons a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective option for hot air ballooning. Solar balloons are also able to fly at higher altitudes than traditional hot air balloons, as they can take advantage of the sun’s heat to generate lift even at higher elevations.

Hot Air Rises

So, how exactly do hot air balloons work? The simple answer is warm air rises. If a balloon pilot adds heat to the balloon envelope, it will rise. If a pilot lets out some heat or allows the balloon to cool, the balloon will descend. To understand this from a more technical standpoint, we need to delve into the concept of buoyancy. Buoyancy is the force that allows an object to float in a fluid, whether that fluid is a liquid like water or a gas like air. The buoyant force’s magnitude depends on the fluid’s density and the object’s volume. In the case of a hot air balloon, the object is the balloon itself, and the fluid is the air that surrounds it.

Now, you might be wondering, “If hot air balloons are filled with hot air, isn’t the air inside the balloon denser than the air outside? Shouldn’t the balloon sink?” Well, here’s where things get a little counterintuitive. As the temperature of a gas increases, the gas molecules move around more rapidly and collide more frequently with each other and the walls of their container. This causes the volume of the gas to increase, which in turn decreases its density. So, when we heat up the air inside a hot air balloon, the increased volume of the air actually makes it less dense than the air outside the balloon, which allows the balloon to rise.

Lift: The Upward Force That Keeps Balloons Flying

Let’s start with the basics: what is lift, and how does it work in a hot air balloon? Lift is the upward force that allows the balloon to rise off the ground. It’s created by the difference in density between the hot air inside the balloon and the surrounding air. When the burner heats the air inside the balloon, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, creating an upward force that lifts the balloon.

Navigating and Steering A Hot Air Balloon

Of course, lift is just one aspect of hot air ballooning. Wind and weather is the other important factor to consider. One misconception is the balloons are at the complete mercy of the wind and just go where the wind blows. The air currents and horizontal speed of the wind can have a big impact on the direction that a hot air balloon travels. Hot air balloons aren’t able to generate their own propulsion, so they are entirely at the mercy of the wind. However, there are techniques that hot air balloon pilots can use to navigate and steer their balloons in different wind conditions. For example, balloon pilots can adjust the balloon’s altitude to take advantage of wind currents and wind speeds at different levels of the atmosphere. They can also use a “parachute vent” device to release hot air from the top of the balloon envelope to descend quickly and catch a different wind. Some hot air balloons, called “racers,” typically used in hot air balloon competitions, are designed to ascend and descend very quickly to steer to a specific location. 

How Temperature Affects Hot Air Balloons

Air temperature is another key factor that affects the performance of a hot air balloon. As we mentioned earlier, increasing the internal temperature of the air inside the balloon increases its volume and generates lift. However, it’s crucial to maintain a consistent temperature within the balloon’s envelope, as fluctuations in temperature can cause the balloon to rise and fall erratically. This is why hot air balloon pilots must constantly monitor the temperature of the air inside the balloon to maintain the maximal operating temperature. Can a hot air balloon get too hot? Yes, but it is tough to reach a temperature that negatively impacts the balloon envelope. Ripstop nylon has a melting temperature of over 450 degrees. The operating maximum for most balloons is between 250 and 300 degrees.

Altitude and Descent Rate: Payload Weight Impacts

Did you know that the weight of the payload can significantly impact the performance of a hot air balloon? Payload weight not only affects the altitude of the balloon, but it can also impact the descent rate. The descent rate is the speed at which the balloon descends to the ground. A heavier payload may cause the balloon to descend faster, because the downward force of the payload will be greater. A lighter payload, on the other hand, may cause the balloon to descend more slowly.

Balloon Response Time: Faster or Slower? It Depends On Weight

The simple answer: Payload weight affects the balloon’s response time, which is the speed at which the balloon responds to changes in the burner heat or venting of hot air. A heavier payload may cause the balloon to be slower to respond to these changes, while a lighter payload may allow the balloon to respond more quickly.

There are two weights the hot air balloon pilot must understand and be responsible for: Maximum Useful and Payload. Maximum useful load is the difference between the empty weight of the balloon and the maximum certified gross weight of the aircraft and that aircraft’s maximum certified gross weight. Payload is the total weight of the passengers, cargo, and fuel that an aircraft can legally carry on a given flight, excluding the weight of the balloon and equipment. Therefore, payload weight varies with each flight based on the ambient temperature.

Each balloon is equipped with an aircraft flight manual explaining the limits and capabilities of that particular balloon.

An Overview Of The Parts Of A Hot Air Balloon

So far, we’ve covered the basic principles of how hot air balloons work, but what about the actual components of a hot air balloon?

• Burner
• Fuel tank
• Envelope (the balloon itself)
• Basket or gondola (the compartment that carries the passengers and equipment)
• Parachute valve
• Crown line
• Mouth (the opening at the top of the envelope through which the hot air is released to descend)
• Vent panel

The Hot Air Balloon Burner

The most important part of a hot air balloon is the burner, which is the device that generates the heat needed to lift the balloon. Hot air balloon burners typically run on propane or butane, which is stored in 15-20 gallon propane cylinders in the wicker basket. When the liquid propane is pressurized, mixed with oxygen, and ignited by a spark, it creates a 15-20 foot flame that heats up the air inside the balloon. Pilots can control the burner flame’s intensity by adjusting the propane flow. This adjustment, in turn, affects the temperature of the air inside the balloon and the amount of lift it generates. The majority of burners have multiple backup systems in case of an issue. Additionally, most burners have a whisper burner that is much quieter than the main burner that is used when flying over livestock.

The Hot Air Balloon Envelope and Vent System

The balloon or envelope portion is made of heavy-weight ripstop nylon or hyperlast/hyperlife. The fabric panels are connected to nylon gores which create the shape of the balloon. 

A parachute vent is located at the top of the hot air balloon. This is an opening that the pilot can open or close by using vent lines to let out warm air and assist with landing. The parachute vent is used to release hot air from the balloon to descend quickly or to allow cooler air to enter the balloon and decrease its lift. It’s a crucial tool for fine-tuning the balloon’s altitude and maintaining a smooth, stable flight.

What Instruments Do Hot Air Balloon Pilots Use?

Most hot air balloon pilots use digital instruments like Digitool or Flytec, which have all the pertinent information. They also include the direction of flight and how fast the balloon is moving. Competition balloon pilots have computers on board that give them additional information about the wind layers they have already found.

• Altimeter: measures the altitude of the balloon
• Variometer: measures the rate of ascent or descent of the balloon
• Temperature gauge: measures the temperature of the air inside the balloon envelope

An altimeter is a device that uses atmospheric pressure to measure the altitude of the balloon. The pilot needs to know the balloon’s altitude because it can affect the balloon’s performance and the heat needed to maintain a stable ascent.

A variometer, also known as a vertical speed indicator (VSI), measures the rate of ascent or descent of the balloon. This information is important for the pilot to know because it helps them determine the balloon’s rate of climb or descent, which can be affected by factors such as wind speed and direction.

A temperature gauge measures the temperature of the air inside the balloon envelope. This information is important for the pilot to know because the temperature of the air inside the envelope affects the amount of heat needed to maintain a stable ascent. The pilot can use this information to adjust the heat source and maintain a consistent ascent rate. It also lets the pilot know if the balloon is reaching its altitude limits based on the weight of the balloon and the temperature.

Are Hot Air Balloons Dangerous?

Not really! While it’s true that any form of transportation (flying or driving) or any recreational activity carries some inherent risk, hot air balloons are actually considered to be one of the safest forms of aviation. That’s because experienced pilots only operate them in good weather conditions and follow all the necessary safety procedures. Plus, hot air balloons undergo regular maintenance and inspections to make sure they are in top shape, and if the aircraft were to have an issue, it’s already a parachute! So, while it’s always important to be mindful of safety guidelines, you can have confidence that hot air balloon rides are a safe and enjoyable way to have an amazing experience.

When Is The Best Time Of Day To Fly A Hot Air Balloon?

The best times to fly a balloon or any aircraft is early in the morning and late in the afternoon. These are generally the best times to fly a hot air balloon because the wind is typically calmer and more consistent. This is because the sun is not as high in the sky, which means there is less convection heating and, therefore, less thermal activity in the atmosphere. As a result, the wind is more stable and easier to predict, which makes it easier for the pilot to navigate the balloon. Consistent winds are very important for balloon pilots to plan their flight and get to an appropriate location for landing.

That’s a solid crash course on ballooning!

So, there you have it – a crash course in hot air ballooning! Of course, there is much more to learn about the intricacies of operating a hot air balloon, such as safety considerations and environmental impacts. But we hope that this overview has given you a better understanding of how these amazing flying machines work and perhaps even piqued your interest in experiencing a hot air balloon ride for yourself. 

The best way to learn more about hot air ballooning is to book a hot air balloon ride and go on an adventure. Your balloon pilot will be happy to nerd out with you about how balloons work and explain how they are planning their flight based on the wind direction that day. 

Two of the most common questions we see on social media are “why are the hot air balloons flying so low” and “that hot air balloon flew right above my house”. Most folks are just curious because they have questions about safety, and others have questions about legality. We are going to walk you through why hot air balloons often fly low, give you a really good understanding on the methods balloon pilots use to land, and the legalities around flying close to the ground.

Landing a hot air balloon can be tricky and is both an art and a science. There are many things that pilots must take into account when landing, such as the wind direction, the weight of the balloon, and the height of obstacles around the landing site. Landing a hot air balloon is often compared to landing a 747 on very shot runway–it’s a complex process that takes a lot of skill and experience.

Curious why hot air balloons fly low? Typically if a hot air balloon is flying below 500 ft they are in the process of taking off or in the process of landing. Let’s chat about the legalities of flying at different heights for all aircraft.

FAA Minimum Altitudes For All Aircraft

The FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) has the same minimum altitudes for all types of aircraft. This includes fixed-wing aircraft, ultralight aircraft, hot air balloons, and anything else that can fly! If you are interested in reading the advisory circular from the FAA regarding hot air balloons you can find the link here https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/ac91-71.pdf

91.119 (Rules For Low Flying Hot Air Balloons)

91.119 in FarAim walks us through this. We’ll then apply this specifically to hot air balloons to give you an in-depth understanding.

Except when necessary for takeoff or landing (This is a key wording we’ll be chatting about), no person may operate an aircraft below the following altitudes:

(a) Anywhere. An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.

(b) Over congested areas. Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons, an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft.

(c) Over other than congested areas. An altitude of 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.

Let’s break down the exception to 91.119 “Except when necessary for takeoff or landing”. If you’ve ever been on an airplane flight, you’d know that it wouldn’t be very safe for an airplane to nose dive toward the ground and pull up at the last minute to land. Instead, pilots use a 3-degree glide path. The faster the speed the faster the descent rate. Hot air balloons typically fly in slow wind and typically land in wind less than 5kts. A 3-degree glide path at 5kts would mean the balloon would have a descent rate of 26.6 feet per minute. If you break that down by time, it would take a balloon descending from 1000 feet 38 minutes to reach the ground and land.

3-Degree Descent Rate

So why do people often see hot air balloons flying low? We’ll, a hot air balloon flight typically lasts around an hour. If it takes up to 38 minutes in a 3-degree descent to reach the ground, that can be a long period of time a balloon is flying low.

During that 3-degree descent, there may also be objects like trees, powerlines, buildings, and cell phone towers that require balloon pilots to ascend a few hundred feet. After ascending to a safe altitude the 3-degree descent rate starts from that new altitude. Many pilots prefer a steeper descent, however, the 3-degree glide path has been established as a standard for all aircraft over congested places.

Stair Step Descent Method For Hot Air Balloons

When hot air balloons are at altitude, balloon pilots use a series of steep descent before starting their 3-degree landing procedure. This method is called the stair-step method. When possible, the stair-step method can be used to help hot air balloon pilots avoid long flight segments at low altitudes. This method also allows pilots to use the wind at different levels to navigate to a designated landing area. The stair-step approach involves different descent rates and lets pilots evaluate the wind direction and wind speed. To get a good idea of what the wind is doing beneath a balloon requires balloon pilots to drop a light object. Most hot air balloon pilots drop popcorn, Cheetos, blades of grass, strips of biodegradable paper, or small balloons. As pilots work down each step or are using a 3-degree glide path, it can often lead observers on the ground to assume that the pilot has discontinued their landing approach and are at a cruising altitude. The truth is that the pilot is using a specific wind at a specific altitude in order to land at a designated landing location or has transitioned to the 3-degree landing glide path.

How Fast Can Balloons Ascend And Descend?

Another question folks ofter are curious about is how fast a hot air balloon can ascend or descend. There are two limitations. One limitation is based on the total weight of passengers in a hot air balloon, and the other is for safe operation by the hot air balloon manufacturer. Although the specific descent and ascent rates can be found in hot air balloon manuals, the general consensus is hot air balloons have a max safe ascent of 1000 feet per minute. Most hot air balloon pilots limit their ascents from 200-800 feet per minute. Descent rates are interesting. The hot air balloon envelope acts as a parachute and has a ton of drag. The maximum descent is based on the weight of passengers in the basket. A lightly loaded balloon may have a terminal descent rate of 750 feet per minute, whereas a heavily loaded larger balloon may reach up to 1200 feet per minute. The idea is to make sure the pilot has enough time to arrest the balloon with the propane burner before touching the ground.

Weather and Wind

Hot air balloon pilots typically have a goal in mind and a designated landing area they are trying to land at. As the FAA states, hot air balloons are non-steerable aircraft. Hot air balloons have no way of changing direction except for using winds at different heights or geological features impacting the direction of wind flow. Before a balloon flight is approached, aeronauts plot out their proposed flight path. Pilots use data from the national weather service, computer models, weather station data, and real-time weather to get a good idea of the upper-level wind direction and speed. There are conditions for ballooning that are good, conditions that are marginal, and poor flying conditions. Hot air balloons typically only fly in good wind conditions and never fly in or around adverse weather conditions. Although it is fine for hot air balloons to fly in strong winds aloft, it’s important for a safe landing to have calm winds on the surface.

The Winds Are Always Changing

Unfortunately, the wind constantly changes due to pressure systems, air temperature, heating, and cooling. Most of the winds that hot air balloons use below 3000 feet can only be discovered by releasing a helium balloon before the flight, sending up a drone to collect wind data, or dropping light items from altitude and watching them as they slowly descend. This is the art and science of steering a hot air balloon, and some are better at it than others.

Hot Air Balloon Flight Paths

Once the hot air balloon is in flight, the pilot will take mental notes at each altitude of the actual wind speed and direction at different altitudes. They essentially create a 3D wind map in their head. The balloon pilot then uses this knowledge to tack back and forth toward the place they intend to land. If the wind speed or direction of wind changes, the landing site will be reevaluated.

Selecting A Hot Air Balloon Landing Site

Landing a hot air balloon is very similar to a trip to purchase a dozen eggs at the grocery store. Most folks have a goal of getting a parking spot that is right in front of the entrance to the store. Unfortunately, it’s luck. It happens sometimes, but often you’ll drive around the parking lot to find the next best place. This is exactly what occurs in hot air ballooning. Pilots have a designated landing spot where they would like to end up at. Unfortunately, the wind direction changed due to something uncontrollable (the pressure, heat of the ambient air, or the geology). As you drive around the parking lot you get excited when you see an open space. Unfortunately, you discover that it is a handicap spot, and is illegal to park there. Hot air balloons can’t land anywhere they want. Unless it is an emergency, hot air balloons can’t land in the middle of the highway, on top of a building, in a body of water, or next to powerlines. As you continue your search for a parking spot, you find one! Unfortunately, one of the cars has done a terrible parking job and is too far over the line. Your car won’t fit. We have the same issue with hot air balloons. Hot air balloons are over 100ft tall and 60 feet wide. There needs to be ample room for the balloon to land and be deflated without it touching trees, signs, homes, or other sharp obstacles. Finally, you drive to the back of the parking lot and find a spot to park your car. The difference is hot air balloons really can’t turn and go up and down aisles looking for the best spot, they have to find an open spot in the lane they are in or park in the next plaza. The next plaza may be an odd place to park. That’s why you see hot air balloons landing in a variety of areas from parks, to culdesac’s, and grocery parking lots. The goal is always to land in a safe place away from obstacles, animals, and restricted areas.

Joining A Hot Air Balloon Chase

So the next time you see a hot air balloon landing or flying low for some period of time you’ll know why! Whether you are chasing balloons on the ground or partaking in a hot air balloon ride, being around hot air balloons is a memorable experience! You are always welcome to follow the ground crew chasing the balloons and ask questions. We only ask that you don’t follow the crew onto a property without their permission!

Want to book a hot air balloon ride yourself?  You can do that right here with the top hot air balloon company in the NW, Seattle Ballooning. Fly with Seattle Ballooning directly in front of Mt. Rainier on a sunrise or sunset hot air balloon flight.

If you have other questions about ballooning techniques check out our other blog posts and FAQ’s below.

Learn about the history of ballooning.  It all started with a chicken, a sheep, and a duck.

Have a safety concern about hot air balloons or want to learn about why hot air balloons are the safest form of all aircraft?

What Is Good Weather For Ballooning?

The recipe for good weather for hot air ballooning? A dash of clear skies, a pinch of calm winds, and a sprinkle of warm temperatures, all served up with a stunning view. Good weather for hot air ballooning typically includes calm wind conditions, clear skies, and warm weather. Ideally, light wind speeds should be less than 10 mph, with no gusts present. The temperature should also be mild, typically between 50-85°F, with low humidity levels. In general, most balloon companies only fly at sunrise or within an hour of sunset due to the winds being predictable and calm.

Regarding atmospheric pressure, hot air balloons typically fly best when the barometric pressure is steady or rising. This is because rising pressure can indicate good weather conditions and stability in the atmosphere, making it easier and safer for the hot air balloon to fly.  Additionally, good weather for hot air ballooning typically includes clear visibility, with no fog or low clouds that could obstruct the pilot’s view or make it difficult to see potential hazards.

Poor Weather For Hot Air Ballooning

In Seattle, hot air balloons do not fly in the rain, fog, high wind, when it’s too hot, or when thunderstorms are within 100+ miles. Sometimes it’s obvious to everyone that the weather isn’t good to fly that day (raining and a thunderstorm in the area). Other times, the sky is blue and clear of clouds, but still unsafe to fly. Pilots making those safety decisions have a deep understanding of weather and spend a ton of time becoming weather dorks.

Why Are Hot Air Balloon Rides Canceled Sometimes?

Let’s start with the not-so-obvious reasons hot air balloon rides are canceled for weather.

Strong Wind

Wind speed and direction are crucial in hot air ballooning, particularly during the launch, steering, and landing phases. It’s important to note that hot air balloons do not launch balloons with surface winds faster than 10 mph. In general, launching a hot air balloon can be challenging in windy conditions, as the balloon fabric turns into a giant sail and can thrash from side to side. Once in the air, steering a hot air balloon to potential landing sites requires considering the upper and lower wind conditions and ensuring they are not too fast. Fast upper winds can cause pilots to end up in uncommon landing areas and low-level winds and gusts can make landing more challenging. During landing, hot air balloon pilots aim to land in an area with no obstacles, sufficient space, and no farm animals. If Fast landing conditions are present with winds ten mph or higher will require passengers to be trained for faster wind landing positions. A tip-over landing or bumpy landing can be fun as long as passengers follow all safety instructions. 

Launching A Hot Air Balloon

Remember being a kid and throwing your jacket high up on a chainlink fence when it was windy out? Now Imagine a ten-story-tall hot air balloon made of fabric in that same wind. Hot air balloons have a challenging time launching in a wind blowing more than ten mph or if wind gusts are present. When inflating in windy or gusty conditions, hot air balloons turn into giant sails and can thrash from side to side until they are successfully inflated or not. Can hot air balloons still go up on windy days? Yes, they need to be launched in appropriate conditions, within the manufacturer’s limitations, and the pilot’s personal limitations and skillset.

Steering To A Suitable Landing Location

Seattle Ballooning has an area of 12 miles total in our flying area. Since hot air balloons only use the upper and lower winds to steer, it’s crucial that the winds at altitude aren’t too fast and go in a direction that makes sense. You can see the general predicted Seattle winds from the ground to 10k feet here.

Landing A Hot Air Balloon

There are two types of landings when flying a hot air balloon. Both are safe and normal. Stand-up landings are where the balloon and basket stand upright. Tip-over landings where there is additional wind. Safety is always the number one factor when landing a hot air balloon. Pilots try to land where there are no obstacles, no farm animals, and in areas with enough room for landing. Fast landing conditions (winds 10+ mph) require passengers to be trained for faster wind landing positions. Although it is possible to land hot air balloons in winds faster than 17mph, it has increased risk. A good rule of thumb is that it will likely be a fast landing if you are launching a hot air balloon in fast wind. You can learn more about how pilots select landing locations in this article

Hot Air Balloons Never Fly In Thunderstorms

I think we all can agree that if there is bad weather and active lighting, you shouldn’t go ballooning. Thunderstorms and severe weather conditions can pose a significant hazard to hot air balloons and all aircraft. Hot air balloon pilots are trained to avoid flying in the vicinity of active thunderstorms, as the strong winds and turbulence associated with these weather events can pose a risk to the safety of the passengers, pilots, and crew. The outflow from thunderstorms, which is an invisible, horizontal stream of air from the base of the storm, can reach speeds of 30-40 mph, making it extremely dangerous for hot air balloons to fly in these conditions. As a result, hot air balloon pilots typically do not fly within 100 miles of a thunderstorm or if there is active radar in the area. To ensure the safety of all involved, hot air balloon pilots closely monitor weather conditions and make decisions based on the latest weather forecasts, radar, and other relevant information.

If It’s Too Hot, You Can’t Fly

If it’s too hot out, it’s miserable to be on a hot air balloon ride. People often ask us if it gets cold when we take a hot air balloon to altitude. The answer is no—the normal lapse rate in temperature decreases by 3 degrees every 1000 feet in altitude. However, the lapse rate is not consistent when it’s hot outside. Additionally, hot air balloons have 20M-30M BTU burners that heat the balloon, causing passengers to feel an additional 10-15 degrees of heat. As a pilot, the high temperatures and heavy air make the balloon sluggish. High temperatures can also cause wind gusts, thermals, and abnormal wind directions when the hot air is pulled into other air masses in the sky.

Flying A Balloon With A Cold Front Approaching Seattle? Not the best idea…

When cold fronts approach, there is often fast wind associated with it. One of the things we do in Seattle is check the areas outside of the Seattle area. We look as far up as Vancouver, Canada, as far East as Idaho, and as far south as Portland. Depending on how strong the low-pressure system is, it may or may not be safe to fly hot air balloons.

A cold front is a dividing line between two contrasting air masses, one cool and the other warm, with the cool air advancing and overtaking the warm air. Cold fronts often result in fast winds, which can complicate hot air ballooning. To guarantee the security of everyone involved, hot air balloon pilots vigilantly monitor weather patterns, including cold fronts that could be approaching Seattle and neighboring regions such as Vancouver, Canada, Idaho, and Portland. Pilots evaluate the power of low-pressure systems linked to the cold front and make well-informed decisions based on this information, as well as other relevant weather data, regarding the feasibility of hot air balloon flights.

The sudden change in weather conditions can visually recognize a cold front as it moves through an area. In front of the front, warm and moist air can create clouds and showers, while behind the front, cooler and drier air can bring clear skies and rapid temperature shifts. Low-pressure systems related to cold fronts can also bring strong winds, particularly in the vicinity of the center of the system, which can pose challenges for hot air ballooning.

Can A Hot Air Balloon Fly In The Rain? 

Although fixed-wing aircraft can fly in the rain, hot air balloons don’t typically fly in the rain. The rain isn’t great for the hot air balloon fabric, and the weather associated with rain isn’t safe to fly balloons in.  As professional commercial hot air balloon pilots, we do not fly if there are any radar pops or thick clouds full of moisture in the Seattle area.

Low Clouds, Onshore Flow, and Fog

Hot air balloons are governed by the FAA and must follow VFR rules (visual flight rules). Any aircraft regulated by VFR rules isn’t allowed to fly through clouds, must stay 500 feet below a cloud, or 1000 feet above. Although legally hot air balloons can fly if the clouds are at 1500-2000 feet in class G or E airspace, it’s not a great flight. Most people fly with Seattle Ballooning because they want to see Mt. Rainier from the sky. Hot air balloons also can’t fly if there is fog on the surface, as it makes it impossible to see powerlines and other hazards. Fog occurs when the temperature and dewpoint are the same. Fog can be a hazard to aviation because it typically doesn’t appear on radar. The Washington Weather Discussion, supported by the University of Washington, gives pilots insight into the possible fog, onshore flow, and low clouds.

Why Else do Hot Air Balloon Rides Get Canceled Besides The Weather?

Are there other reasons we cancel flights? Yes. The safety of our passengers, pilots, and crew is our number 1 priority. Our pilots are not superheroes. They get sick from time to time, get exhausted, have a gut feeling they shouldn’t fly, or have uncontrollable things that happen in their lives. Choosing to launch that day or not is always the choice of the individual pilot. As a business, we support those pilots in their safe decision-making.

Ballooning Is Very Low Risk From The FAA’s Perspective

According to the Aviation Accident Database put out by the FAA, hot air ballooning is the safest form of all air travel and are rarely involved in aviation crashes. In fact, when hot air balloons are compared to other forms of transportation, hot air ballooning is even safer. The main reason they are so safe, is that hot air balloons only fly in good weather and slow wind conditions. Flying in good weather really helps to prevent aviation accidents. So, if you are considering taking a hot air balloon ride, you can be assured that it is one of the safest ways to enjoy the beauty of the sky.

When compared to other forms of transportation, hot air ballooning is even safer. In fact, you are more likely to be injured while driving a car than you are while flying in a hot air balloon. This is because hot air balloons only fly in good weather and slow wind, which helps to prevent accidents.

Hot air balloons are federally registered flying aircraft and pilots are required to hold a lighter than air pilots license from the FAA.

What Kind Of Weather Do Hot Air Balloons Fly In?

Hot air balloons are very different from other types of aircraft. Hot air balloon pilots don’t use a steering wheel and instead use the winds at various altitudes to control the balloon’s direction. Commercial hot air balloons typically fly within 2 hours of sunrise or 2 hours of sunset. During that time period, the winds are the calmest and most consistent due to the lack of temperature change.

Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, hot air balloons do not fly in marginal or adverse weather conditions like thunderstorms, windy conditions, wind gusts, rain, or snow. Since hot air balloons are at the mercy of the wind, balloon pilots are experts at understanding the wind and local weather conditions. The majority of all aviation accidents are coupled with some type of inclement weather or bad weather conditions. In conclusion, since balloon pilots only fly in good weather conditions, there are rarely balloon accidents. Makes sense huh right?

Pilots, especially those navigating balloons, rely heavily on accurate weather forecasts to ensure safe and efficient flights. Forecasting weather is a critical skill for experienced pilots, as they must have a comprehensive understanding of both the speed of the surface winds and the upper-level wind forecasts. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, balloons are more susceptible to the whims of the atmosphere, making a deep knowledge of meteorological conditions essential. Balloon pilots analyze weather forecasts to anticipate changes in wind directions and speeds at different altitudes. This analysis includes understanding the speed of the surface winds, which greatly influences takeoff and landing, and upper-level wind forecasts, which dictate the balloon’s trajectory and flight path. Mastery of interpreting these weather elements is crucial for a balloon pilot to navigate safely and efficiently through the skies. Passengers often wonder if it is easier for balloons to fly in hot or cold weather. Considering balloons heat the air inside the balloon to be warmer than the ambient air outside the balloon to create lift, we find hot air balloons use the least amount of fuel in 30-60 degree weather.

Do Hot Air Balloons Get Caught In Fast Wind? Yes.

One thing to know about hot air balloons is that they do not have landing gear like fixed wing aircraft. There are three types of landings in a hot air balloon. A stand-up landing, a fast wind (tip-over landing), and an emergency landing. 99.9% of all hot air balloon landings are stand-up or tip-over landings. Both are safe and a normal part of ballooning. Emergency landings only occur if powerline contact is imminent, there is a weather anomaly or a mechanical equipment failure. We’ll chat later about why hot air balloons rarely have mechanical failures or get caught in funky weather.

Balloons can safely land in fast wind (it’s memorable and actually pretty fun!). However, it is crucial that as a passenger, you listen to the safety briefing and all pilot instructions before the landing sequence in the case that there is a fast wind landing.

Standard tip over landings occur when the wind speed on the surface is 10kts-20Kts (10-20 Miles Per Hour). High wind landings would be winds greater than 18Kt. These high wind lands are usually from unpredictable outflow winds that occur from thunderstorms hundreds of miles away or weather anomalies. Hot air balloon pilots are trained to discover possible outflow, and the crew on the ground is trained to watch weather stations around the area to alert the pilots of any significant changes.

Following Hot Air Balloon Pilot And Crew Instructions

Whenever you fly on any type of aircraft it is important to follow all safety and crew member instructions. Safety instructions are designed to keep you safe. Before your hot air balloon flight, your pilot will run through a safety presentation. Although everything in the presentation is important, landing positions are very important and we’ll run through them here:

1. In any situation, the safest place for you to be is in the hot air balloon basket. Do not get out of the hot air balloon basket until the pilot tells you it is safe or the balloon is completely deflated.
2. All passengers should be holding onto the safety handles firmly with both hands. Prior to landing cameras, phones, and anything you might be holding in your hands should be stored
3. Hot air balloon passengers should face backward with their backs firmly against the wicker balloon basket with knees bent. Essentially you will be doing a wall sit.
4. If the pilot or crew member discovers you are not following the pilot instructions, they will most likely raise their voice with urgent direction. This is for your safety and is important that you follow all pilot instructions

This video below shows a fast wind landing with a passenger who is not following pilot instructions. You’ll notice the pilot gives direct instructions to make sure everyone is safe (reminding passengers to stay in the basket and hold on). You’ll notice that the male passenger is holding a phone camera instead of holding on to the safety handles. (This is not a crash landing. It is a fast landing in a hot air balloon that is lightly loaded with passengers due to the pilot dropping skydivers.) In windy areas around the country, it’s not rare to have tip over landings. Most passengers find it pretty fun and it is safe if passengers are following proper landing techniques. In Seattle where we fly balloons, we only have a few tip over landings per summer and only occur in the afternoons.

The Biggest Threat To Hot Air Balloons And All Aircraft Are Power Lines

Collision with power lines is extremely rare (contact with power lines happens a handful of times a year in the entire world). In the rare event that a balloon makes contact with a power line, 95% of the time, balloon pilots do the correct emergency procedure, and no passengers or guests are injured. If there is a possibility of contact with a powerline balloon pilots are trained to quickly release hot air out of the balloon so that the basket is grounded when a strike occurs.

Pilots who fly in the same area know where most power lines are and give them plenty of altitude. Most power line incidents happen to balloonists that are not familiar with a flying site. When the pilot gives a safety briefing, they’ll cover a variety of things. They’ll mention that it is everyone’s job to look for power lines (especially if the balloon is within 500 ft of the ground). These extra sets of eyes help keep balloon flights safe.

Have A Fear Of Heights? Don’t worry!

If you are afraid of heights, you may have trouble with activities such as climbing ladders, being on roofs, or standing on balconies. This fear is common and is known as acrophobia. One reason people may be afraid of these activities is because they are afraid of slipping and falling. However, when it comes to hot air balloon rides, falling is not a concern. In fact, a recent study among balloon pilots found that the majority of them are scared of heights themselves and avoid activities like climbing ladders or standing on balconies. Surprisingly, they don’t experience that fear while flying in a hot air balloon, even though they are thousands of feet above the ground in a wicker basket. So, even if you have a fear of heights, you can still enjoy a hot air balloon ride without any concerns.

Hot Air Balloons Are Simple Machines With Few Moving Parts

Hot air balloons are straightforward machines compared to other types of aircraft. Airplanes have multiple pieces of electronic equipment and thousand of moving parts that could impact the flight. Hot air balloons are very simple:

Hot air balloons have 3 parts: The hot air balloon basket or gondola, the fuel and burner system, and the envelope.

The hot air balloon basket starts with a steel frame and steel cables. In between the steel, the wicker is weaved to create the basket. Why use wicker? It’s flexible and light! The steel cables connect to the burner frame and the balloon cables with steel carabiners.

The propane burner system is very simple. Most balloons have 40-80 gallons of liquid propane in steel fuel tanks. The liquid propane is sucked up into the hoses and released next to a pilot light. The pilot light ignites the propane and creates a large 25-foot flame. Hot air balloons have 2 separate fuel and burner systems as a redundancy. Pilots turn on the burner to ascend and let the balloon cool to start a descent.

What Happens If There Is An Issue With The Hot Air Balloon Equipment?

Unlike fixed wing aircraft, in-flight equipment issues or emergencies are super rare in balloons. In the case of significant failures to propulsion, all aircraft have what’s called a glide ratio. Balloons have a very slow one as there is an opening at the bottom of the balloon envelope that turns the balloon into a parachute. In the rare case that both systems had an issue, the balloon would slowly float to the ground. The terminal velocity of a hot air balloon is slower than a WWII army parachute. It would be a hard landing, but you would be just fine.

Issues with hot air balloon equipment often happens when passengers have already unloaded and the balloon is being deflated. Laying the balloon fabric over barbwire fences, or over sharp objects on the ground can cause small tears or rips in the fabric. If holes or small tears occur, pilots will check their manual about utilizing a small patch. For larger holes, it may require the pilot to visit their local hot air balloon repair station.

How Common Are Hot Air Balloon Accidents?

Hot air ballooning accidents are very rare. Ballooning is a very safe form of transportation and leisure activity. In fact, hot air balloon accidents in the commercial realm are so rare that the media about ballooning incidents are widely covered. Commercial hot air balloon pilots are highly trained and have a great deal of experience, which makes them very safe compared to pilots of other types of aircraft, such as small private planes. Overall, hot air ballooning is a fun and exciting way to experience the beauty of the world from a unique perspective, and the safety record of this activity is a testament to the skill and dedication of hot air balloon pilots.

Can People Get Injuries From Flying In A Hot Air Balloon?

Hot air ballooning, like any activity involving a moving vehicle, aircraft, or being around heavy equipment machinery carries inherent risks that can lead to both major and minor injuries. Most injuries in aviation, including hot air ballooning, often occur due to poor decision-making, particularly in relation to weather conditions. Pilots who choose to fly in marginal or poor weather conditions significantly increase the risk of accidents. Additionally, the physical and mental sharpness required for piloting can diminish with age, and elderly pilots may not always make the best flying decisions. If your friend has a hot air balloon and are a private pilot, they likely will only fly in perfect conditions. If you are looking for the safest option you’ll want to find paid hot air balloon rides in your area. Therefore, it is crucial for passengers to select hot air balloon companies that prioritize safety. These companies typically have strict policies against flying in adverse weather conditions such as thunderstorms, poor visibility, or high winds. By choosing operators who are committed to safety and who make prudent decisions regarding weather and flight conditions, passengers can significantly reduce their risk of injury while enjoying the unique experience of hot air ballooning. The most common injuries are sprained ankles and typically occur after a hot air balloon has landed while passengers are exiting the basket.

What Are The Hot Air Balloon Regulations?

To be a commercial hot air balloon pilot, an individual must have a commercial pilot’s license with a hot air balloon rating from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In addition, the individual must have a current 2nd class medical certificate from an FAA-approved medical examiner. It is also important for the pilot to have a thorough knowledge of the rules and regulations governing hot air balloon flights, as well as experience flying a hot air balloon. In order to obtain the necessary license and rating, an individual must complete a certain amount of balloon flight training and pass a written exam, as well as a flight test. Balloon pilots are regulated under Part 91 of the federal regulations for aircraft.

Which Is Safer: Hot Air Ballooning Or Skydiving

Hot air ballooning is hundreds of times safer than skydiving. The main reason is that a hot air balloon is an aircraft, and as such, it is subject to stricter safety regulations and inspections than skydiving equipment.

Hot air ballooning is also much safer than skydiving as a hot air balloon pilot can control their altitude. This means that the pilot can adjust the altitude of the balloon to avoid obstacles and navigate adverse weather conditions. In contrast, skydivers are at the mercy of the elements and have little control over their descent once they jump out of the airplane.

Furthermore, becoming a hot air balloon pilot has a much greater impact on other people than skydiving does. This is because hot air balloon pilots are responsible for the safety of their passengers and anyone on the ground who may be affected by the flight. In contrast, skydivers only have to worry about their own safety. This added responsibility for others means that hot air balloon pilots must be highly trained and proficient in their skills to ensure the safety of everyone involved.

Skydiving From A Hot Air Balloon?

Skydiving from a hot air balloon presents a unique and exhilarating experience, often listed as a bucket-list adventure for many skydiving enthusiasts. Unlike jumping from an airplane, this method offers a serene, almost surreal ascent before the adrenaline-packed leap, allowing divers to enjoy the quiet majesty of the skies.

Risks For Hot Air Balloon Pilots Who Drop Skydivers

However, safety protocols for such operations are stringent, particularly concerning the number of divers that can leave the basket at any given time. Typically, balloon operation manuals allow only a single skydiver to exit at a time. Only after the ascent of the balloon is stopped can another skydiver leave the basket. The best practice is only to let a skydiver out of the basket when the balloon is in a descent over 200 feet per minute. This restriction is primarily due to the balloon manufacturer’s limitations on the balloon’s rate of ascent.

So in an ideal world (and according to all the Manuals) you need to be in a descent. Take the Cameron Flight Supplement 8.29 ‘Dropping Parachutists’ as an example. They quote 200ft/min for one parachutist, 400 for two and a heady 700 for three. Ultramagic has Supplement 11 and is pretty much the same quoting 200ft/min per parachutist up to a maximum of three. Lindstrand courteously incorporate the information in their Flight Manual under 2.5.1 ‘Dropping stuff’ and recommend that no more than 30% of the balloon’s maximum weight is released at any one time and has a rate of descent of approximately 500ft/min is established. If you choose to drop two, one after the other, then you must allow time for the balloon to recover and get back into a descent if it isn’t already in one. Kubicek balloons 4.3.12 limits exiting parachutists to 1 at a time.

Dropping multiple skydivers simultaneously could cause the balloon to ascend more rapidly than advised, potentially leading to dangerous situations for the occupants of the balloon. A rapid ascent might cause the balloon’s vent (parachute top) to float, creating pressure issues within the aircraft that are challenging to rectify. Floating of parachute tops can also occur due to a thermal or a pilot over heating the balloon envelope. Both these situations would cause the balloon to rise beyond the manufactures limitations. Pilots are trained on how to deal with a top that floats during a thermal if it were to occur. This high risk of an emergency occurring due to dropping skydivers in general, is significant enough that the majority of balloon pilots prefer not to engage in dropping skydivers at all. The careful balance maintained in hot air balloon operations underscores the importance of adhering to safety guidelines, ensuring that the thrill of skydiving from such a unique platform remains a memorable and safe experience for all involved.

Do Passengers Wear Parachutes On Hot Air Balloons?

Passengers on a hot air balloon ride do not need to use parachutes for a few reasons. The most important reason is that the balloon itself serves as a parachute. This is because hot air balloons are designed to float and descend slowly, even in the event of an emergency or malfunction.

Unlike airplanes, hot air balloons do not rely on engines or other mechanical systems to stay aloft. Instead, they are filled with heated air, which makes them lighter than the surrounding air. This allows them to rise and float in the sky, much like a balloon filled with helium.

When a hot air balloon is in trouble, the pilot can release some of the heated air from the balloon to make it descend. This allows the balloon to float down to the ground safely, even if the balloon has lost altitude or is experiencing some other problem.

Additionally, hot air balloons are typically equipped with backup systems, such as additional burners or reserve tanks of fuel, to help the pilot maintain control of the balloon even in an emergency.

Can A Hot Air Balloon Pop?

No. A hot air balloon can’t pop or rupture because it is made of fabric (Ripstop Nylon Envelopes, Hyperlast, or Polyester), which are all strong and flexible material. Additionally, hot air balloon pilots take care to properly inflate and maintain their balloons, which helps to prevent ballooning accidents. In the United States, hot air balloons are also required to undergo yearly inspections by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) by certified hot air balloon repair stations. These inspections help to ensure the safety and proper functioning of the hot air balloon, further reducing the likelihood of accidents. In short, the combination of strong fabric materials and regular inspections make hot air balloons very safe and reliable forms of transportation.

What If A Bird Flies Into A Hot Air Balloon?

Hot air balloon pilots are not worried about birds. If a bird were to collide with a hot air balloon, it would likely bounce off without causing any harm to either the bird or the hot air balloon. The balloon’s strong, durable fabric would prevent the bird from puncturing it, and the bird’s light weight would not cause any damage to the balloon. The bird would simply fly away, unharmed.

What If Hot Air Balloons Touch While Flying?

When hot air balloons touch in flight, it’s often referred to as a “hot air balloon kiss.” This gentle contact is quite safe since the balloons are drifting together with the same wind. Such delightful encounters are common at balloon festivals, where anywhere from 30 to 600 balloons might be soaring at once. For instance, the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta sees an impressive gathering of 500 to 700 hot air balloon pilots each year, all launching from a single field. To keep things safe, pilots adhere to a minimum ascent and descent rate of 200 feet per minute. Balloon festivals are truly remarkable experiences, blending breathtaking visuals with a spirit of camaraderie. As long as the pilots remain vigilant, these events are perfectly safe, making balloon festivals a cherished highlight for both participants and spectators alike.

Are Hot Air Balloons Dangerous For Animals?

Hot air balloons are generally not dangerous for animals they fly over, and pilots take significant measures to minimize any disturbance to farm animals. Except during the processes of taking off and landing, all aircraft under part 91 of the Federal Flight Regulations are required to fly at least 500 feet above the ground. One of the challenges with ballooning is that the landing process can be prolonged, sometimes necessitating lower altitudes.

To help minimize the impact on animals, hot air balloon pilots use several techniques. One of the key tools is a whisper burner or whisper valve (otherwise known as the cow burner), a second lever on the burners that controls a direct liquid propane valve. This valve is much quieter than the main blast valve, reducing the noise that could potentially startle animals.

It’s important to note that some animals are frightened by balloons, while others are not. At Seattle Ballooning, we have never had an incident where an animal injured itself due to a balloon. We work closely with local property owners to understand where vulnerable animals, such as those that have been abused or are older, are kept. In these areas, we take extra care to maintain a higher altitude to avoid causing any distress.

We empathize with farm animal owners and are committed to ensuring that our flights do not disturb their animals. Our pilots are trained to be considerate and to prioritize the well-being of both the animals and the enjoyment of the ballooning experience.

Hot Air Balloon Safety Tips For Passengers

1. Research and Select a Reputable Operator:
   • Read reviews on hot air balloon companies before booking – Do not use hot air balloon companies that sell discounted tours or have low reviews. These companies typically have subpar equipment and safety records. The highest-priced operation is a good place to start.
   • Choose a commercial balloon operator who uses modern ballooning equipment and adheres to safety standards.
   • Ensure the operator has FAA-licensed commercial pilots.
   • Verify that the pilots have a minimum of 100 flight hours per year to guarantee experience and proficiency.
   • Chase Vehicles have seat belts. Seatbelts should be worn by passengers while driving
2. Check Pilot Safety Equipment:
   • Confirm that pilots use a restraining harness during the flight for added safety. Although they are not required in the US, they are in Europe.
3. Appropriate Attire:
   • Wear closed-toe shoes, preferably tennis shoes, for protection and comfort.
   • Dress in attire suitable for outdoor conditions, considering the landing might be in fields or uneven terrain.
   • Consider bringing a baseball hat or similar headwear, as the burner can add an additional 10-15 degrees of heat to passengers in the basket.
4. Assess Physical Requirements:
   • Ensure you are physically capable of climbing in and out of the balloon basket.
   • Be aware that most balloon companies have weight restrictions and may not accommodate passengers over 250lb. This is due to the difficulty overweight individuals may have in getting in and out of the basket, and to comply with FAA regulations regarding the weight and balance of the aircraft.
   • Opt for companies offering baskets with doors if you have mobility concerns.
   • If you have recently had surgery, are pregnant, or have back, knee, or hip issues, you should consult your doctor before flying.
5. Follow Pilot Instructions:
   • Pay close attention and adhere to all instructions provided by the pilot before and during the flight.
6. Do Not Interfere with Equipment:
   • Avoid touching the black fuel lines or any ropes/lines in the pilot compartment to prevent accidents or malfunctions.
   • The burner flame is very hot. Only pilots should be touching the burner, they also typically wear gloves (although not required).
7. Landing Position:
   • On landing, face away from the direction of travel.
   • If passenger restraints are provided, make sure to utilize them.
   • Even with restraints, passengers should still perform wall sits and hold on with two hands for added stability and safety.
   • Hold onto the rope handles at waist level to secure yourself.
8. Post-Landing Protocol:
   • Remain in the balloon until the pilot confirms it is safe to exit.
   • Understand that exiting prematurely can cause the balloon to become buoyant and potentially take off again.

Balloonists Are Obsessed With Safety

One thing that balloonists do better than most aviation communities is learning from each other. All balloon pilots join local and national safety seminars (both in-person and online). Our chief pilot, Eliav at Seattle Ballooning, helps run a worldwide safety and training webinar. The Balloon Federation Of America also sponsors safety seminars to help prevent accidents.

In conclusion, hot air ballooning is safe and not scary. The only thing that can make it dangerous are people who don’t take safety seriously. We look forward to continuing to have you as a guest on our balloon trips.

Now that you know how safe hot air balloons are, check out when the hot air balloon was invented and take a peek back into the history of balloon flying!

Selection of hot air balloon launch location and layout

The most ideal launch location should be a quarter of an acre or more in size, with no obstructions. The surface should ideally be made out of grass. In reality, balloons launch from parking lots, fields, parks, and every once in a while an airport! The hot air balloon layout location and direction is one of the most important steps in preparing for a successful launch. Pilots must determine wind direction, as well as any side gusts or obstructions that might impede their flight. It’s also important that the pilot has done a proper weather check to ensure that the wind conditions are good, they are moving in the right direction, and that no thunderstorms or adverse conditions are in the area.

Process of inflating a hot air balloon

There are many types of balloons, however, one this they all have in common is they are massive. It’s amazing to see the sheer size of a hot-air balloon. Most hot air balloons are 9 to 11 stories tall. The average setup time is anywhere from 20-40 minutes, but it really depends on the size of the balloon and crew.

1. Basket and burner assembly

The basket is unloaded from the trailer and the burners are installed at the top of the 4 uprights. Carabiners then connect the basket cables to the burner frame. The gas burner hoses get connected to steel or titanium liquid draw propane tanks in the pilot compartment. Once all fittings are connected a safety check is performed to make sure there are no leaks and that the burners (some balloons use a single burner some large balloons use up to 4) are working properly. At that time the basket is laid on its side.

2. Unfurling of the balloon envelope

Hot air balloon envelopes super heavy and weigh between 200lb and 500lbs. Many balloon pilots choose to build rolling carts, making it much easier to unload them out of the bag. Once the balloon is stretched out, the Carabiners on the balloon are connected to the carabiners on the basket.

3. Inflation of the balloon

Hot air balloons range in size from 60k cubic feet to 500k cubic feet and are over 100 feet tall. This means Inflating a balloon with cold air takes a lot of breath. Just kidding. Hot air balloon pilots use gas-powered fans to cold inflate the balloon.
Two people hold open the “mouth” of the balloon and another crew member heads to the top of the envelope to install the parachute. The parachute is actually the top of the balloon that is held in place by both pressure and lines during flight. The parachute is used to release hot air out of the balloon during landing procedures. During the inflation process, velcro tabs connect the parachute to the balloon fabric. Once the hot air balloon is upright, the red line will be activated. The velcros will release and the parachute will set in place.

4. Turning on the burner

The propane is compressed in the cylinders and flows to the burner as a liquid. When the blast valve is fired the propane vapor gets ignited by the pilot light. On each burn, propane flows through the tubing and gets heated into a vapor. It takes multiple 3-5 second burns to get enough heat in the envelope for it to stand up.

5. Launching the hot air balloon

Hot air balloon burners create a massive amount of heat! Each individual burner can unload 20 million BTUs in a single pull of the blast valve. Trying to figure out how hot that is? Your BBQ is about 70,000 BTUs. Once the balloon is upright and stabilized, passengers are welcomed aboard. Getting into a balloon basket is kind of like getting on a horse. Passengers put one foot in a foothold and swing their other leg into the basket. Once everyone is in the basket and situated, the pilot will explain where to hold on and what to do upon landing. At that point, the pilot activates the burner and the balloon ride is on!

Name the visibility, or cloud clearance requirements, of each of the airspaces you just named. The answer to the first question will always end with “E, A,” and that answer could be the total answer.

Here is a review of the classes of airspace, with their requirements for hot air balloon operators:

Class A airspace

Class A airspace starts at 18,000 feet and most hot air balloon pilots will never fly there. VFR flight is not allowed in Class A airspace, and therein lies the answer to the visibility and cloud clearance requirements: there aren’t any. IFR-only flight also means that you would need an instrument rating to operate in this space. There is no instrument rating for hot air balloon pilots, so you will only be able to use this space by getting special permission. To get that permission, you will need to have a 2-way aircraft radio to communicate, and an altitude-reporting transponder to allow Air Traffic Control to track your position. As a practical matter, it’s rare that hot air balloon pilots fly above 17,999 feet.

Class B Airspace

Only the very busiest airports require Class B airspace designation. This is often described as an upside-down wedding cake space. This shape provides Air Traffic Control the ability to create a steady flow of traffic, funneling aircraft from diverse directions and with diverse destinations into and out of safe spacing that optimizes the airport’s handling capacity. This space functions almost exactly the same as Class A airspace for IFR traffic, but it also allows VFR traffic to use the space simultaneously. The two-way radio communications and transponder requirement are the same as class A airspace. These requirements create an airspace that has all traffic under positive, three-dimensional control, and therefore there is no clearance from clouds requirements. As a general rule, balloons do not freely operate within Class B airspace. Equipment requirements are the same as for Class C airspace; however, due to air traffic congestion, the balloon pilot requesting entry to Class B airspace will likely be denied entry, as ballooning operations inside the Class B airspace constitute a potential traffic conflict.

But legally you can and the FAA prefers you coordinate beforehand, should it become necessary for operational reasons to fly through Class B airspace. The flight should be coordinated at least one hour prior, as provided for by 14 CFR section 91.215. It is permissible, and perfectly legal, to operate a balloon under the lateral limits of the Class B airspace.

When operating VFR, you must still maintain 3 miles’ visibility. The space below the extensions that fan out from the center of Class B airspace often provides airspace you may fly within, that is significantly less restricted. At many locations, determining the dimensions of this space requires careful interpretation of the sectional chart markings and labels.

Class C Airspace 

Airports that are complex and usually have some level of airline service, or other users that create congestion, become Class C airspace. The basic Class C airspace is a 10-mile diameter cylinder of space surrounding the airport with a second cylinder, 20 miles in diameter, laid on top of it. The radio communications requirement is the same as Class B airspace but the transponder is not required to have altitude reporting capability. Now Air Traffic Control has two-dimensional control of traffic and must rely on pilots to maintain their assigned altitude to insure safe spacing. This dictates a need for cloud clearance, and that clearance is: 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, and 2,000 feet horizontally. All aircraft operating below 10,000 feet are required to limit their airspeed to 250 KTS. Since no hot air balloon in history has gone over 250 mph… you should be good there. This basic 5, 1, 2 cloud clearance is to allow aircraft below that speed to see and avoid each other. If you remember this 5, 1, 2 separation from clouds, it will always apply when flying below 10,000 feet, with one exception that will be covered in Class G airspace. Minimum visibility remains at 3 miles. And, as with Class B, the airspace underlying the outer ring will have fewer restrictions.

Class D Airspace

We now look at airports that have the lowest level of air traffic still requiring enough control to warrant a traffic control tower. The fundamental Class D airspace is a 10-mile diameter cylinder surrounding the airport. Two-way radio communications are required. The tower controllers now rely on pilots to maintain their assigned altitude and course. The cloud clearance and visibility remain the same as Class C airspace. The size of the class D airspace being much smaller than B or C allows the controllers to visually monitor traffic, compensating for the reduction in electronic tracking. A number of Class D airspaces have control towers that do not operate 24/7. Therefore, at times when the tower is not operating the communication requirement is eliminated. The most common partial schedule is 7:00 AM to 11:00 PM, often providing a morning balloon flight access without a radio. Class D airspace’s upper limit is normally about 2,500 feet AGL, often making it practical to overfly in lieu of obtaining a transition clearance. As a balloon pilot, it’s important to use some type of real-time electronic map. Foreflight is a good option to know how close you are to each airspace. If you don’t call into a tower before going into the airspace, you can assume you’ll be hearing from the FAA.

Class E Airspace

Class E airspace is the space below 18,000 feet comprising the low altitude airway system crisscrossing the country. The number and proximity of routes combine to fill almost all the space below 18,000 feet not designated B, C, or D. This space extends downward to one of three altitudes: either the surface, 1,200 feet AGL, or 700 feet AGL. There are airports without control towers that have precision instrument approaches into them. At these airports, the Class E airspace will extend to the surface. Airports with non-precision instrument approaches will have class E airspace extend down to 700 feet AGL. Elsewhere, the Class E airspace stops at 1,200 feet AGL. Below 10,000 feet the cloud clearance and visibility are the same as C and D. Sectional charts will indicate to you which altitude the Class E airspace extends down to. As you will always be VFR in this space there is no communications requirement. But keep in mind that you may be mixing with VFR and IFR aircraft traffic. Another little quirk of the system is that though you may still be in Class E airspace if you go above 10,000 feet AGL

Class G Airspace

This is the space that you should know the most about because you will likely be spending more time in it than any other. It starts at the surface and, except in rare instances, extends up to Class E airspace (700 feet or 1,200 feet AGL). It is termed uncontrolled airspace. This does not mean you will not meet up with aircraft flying through it. The big change is the reduction of the visibility and cloud clearance to one mile and clear of clouds when below 1,200 feet AGL during the day. There is no control, therefore, no communications requirement. The big challenge is to utilize it and remain at the minimum safe altitudes required by part 91:119.

In Seattle, we fly in class G and E airspace. The class B airspace shelf is at 3000 feet or 5000 feet depending on the route we fly.

Additional Notes

Student pilots are prohibited access to Class A and B airspace, with a small exception for Class B airspace. Don’t go there! Because operating a balloon on a tether is considered operations covered by Part 91, all the requirements outlined for controlled airspace apply. For example, you are offered big bucks to tether your balloon in the parking lot of the Forest Hills Tennis Club in Queens, NY. This puts you smack in the middle of one of the busiest Class B airspaces. All the Class B restrictions apply. Any time you are faced with tethering within class B, C, or D airspace, make a call to the controlling facility; explain your proposed operation, and request relief from the requirements. In my experience, this is usually granted, as long as you can get them to understand exactly what you are proposing. Your knowledge of the airspace system can make your flying safer. This is information that you can also use to make your flying more efficient. Sometimes moving your balloon launch site a short distance can put you in airspace that is much less restrictive, without compromising safety. That same knowledge could also keep you from being charged with a violation.

Know The Airspace Alphabet BFA Mag (Contributor Bill Hughes) – Part of the free searchable ballooning database for all balloonists to find information on hot air balloon training.

This summer our goal has been to make every kid late to school/summer school at least one time. We call it hot air balloon black out bingo. Do you remember playing black out bingo as a kid? It’s where you try to fill in all the boxes on a bingo card…first one to get them all yells bingo! Our game is a little different… our goal has been to meet every neighbor on the NW corner of 400th and 212th st in Enumclaw Washington by landing a hot air balloon in their yard. So far we are doing pretty well.

People often ask us can you land anywhere? The answer is yes and no. In an emergency situation, the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) guidelines allow us to land on any property. Before landing our hot air balloon on a new property in a normal situation we do the following:

1. Our crew knocks on the door and asks if it would be ok for our hot air balloon to land on their property. Ninety-nine percent of land owners are happy to have a balloon land on their property, and quickly start Facebooking their photos to the world.

2. When we fly over homes, many people scream “hello.” If the situation and timing is right, we will ask them if it would be ok for us to land on their property. Our favorite is when they ask us to land in the field or back yard and start making coffee!

3. If we haven’t chatted with the land owner yet, we will set the balloon down on the property and wait until our crew can reach the owner. If for some reason they are not okay with the hot air balloon landing on their property, and the situation is safe, we will ascend again and choose another property.

The best thing about having a hot air balloon land on your property is we often attach the balloon to our truck safety line and give folks a tethered balloon ride up to 100ft. We may have made some kids last Friday late for school…they do have the best reason ever for being late. ” Sorry, I’m late a hot air balloon landed in my yard this morning and offered us a ride.”

Understanding The Dynamics Of Hot Air Balloon Landings

Hot air ballooning is a captivating experience that combines adventure with the subtle play of wind currents. Unlike other forms of aviation, hot air balloons lack traditional steering mechanisms such as a steering wheel or yoke. This unique feature significantly influences how and where these balloons land, making the process fascinating and complex.

The Art of Steering a Hot Air Balloon

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) categorizes hot air balloons as “unsteerable aircraft” because they do not have built-in systems to change direction horizontally. Instead, balloon pilots navigate by ascending or descending to find wind currents that move in various directions. Pilots can use these winds to steer the balloon towards a pre-determined landing location by skillfully manipulating altitude.

The Challenge of Landing A Hot Air Balloon

Given the reliance on inherently unpredictable wind currents, landing a hot air balloon is far from straightforward. Pilots must be adept at reading weather patterns, wind speeds, and weather patterns to adjust their hot air balloon flight paths accordingly. This reliance on the elements adds an unpredictable element to each flight, making every ballooning journey unique.

Hot Air Balloon Landing Locations: A Wide Variety

Hot air balloons can land in various settings, from farms and fields to cul-de-sacs and supermarket parking lots. For example, at the Albuquerque Balloon Festival, it’s not uncommon to see balloons landing in any available open space. This adaptability is necessary because pilots often must make real-time decisions about the safest and most appropriate landing spots.

Safety and Permission

Pilots prioritize several vital factors when selecting a landing site to ensure safety and compliance with local regulations. Each landing is different based on the wind speed and ground conditions:

1. Absence of Power Lines and Obstructions: Safety is paramount, and avoiding aerial and potential hazards is critical.
2.  Avoidance of Farm Animals: To prevent distress or injury to animals.
3.  Landowner Presence: Ideally, pilots prefer to land on properties where the owner is present to grant immediate permission.
4.  Familiar Locations: Returning to previously used and approved sites is often preferable.

Collaborative Efforts in Securing Hot Air Balloon Landing Sites

At Seattle Ballooning, for instance, over 500 properties in the Enumclaw area have been secured for safe landings. These properties are cataloged in a KLM file, indicating their status:

• Green Zones: Clear permission for hot air balloon landing.
•  Yellow Zones: Conditional permissions (e.g., landing is only acceptable in certain parts of a field or requires the pilot to call or text the owner).
•  Red Zones: Areas where landing is prohibited, or the area is inaccessible for retrieving the aircraft

This map file is meticulously updated daily to reflect changes and ensure that all ground crew and pilots are informed.

The Logistics of Hot Air Balloon Landing Permissions

Gaining permission to land on private property can sometimes happen in real time during the flight. Balloon pilots might call down to people on the ground to ask for permission. If no immediate contact is made, the ground crew may seek permission directly from the landowner once the hot air balloon has safely landed.

Federal Airspace Considerations

Interestingly, even when a hot air balloon is on the ground, it is still considered in federal airspace, which extends up to 60,000 feet from the ground. This designation means that in urgent scenarios, such as precautionary landings (where an emergency could occur if the aircraft does not land immediately or where the pilot would be in violation of Federal Flight Regulations if the flight is continued) or emergency landings, it is legally permissible for the balloon to land as needed. This regulation applies to all aircraft, including jets, helicopters, and hot air balloons.

The Hot Air Balloon Landing Process

Landing a hot air balloon involves lowering the aircraft to 500 feet or below and hovering over potential landing sites to assess their suitability. This process can take up to 25 minutes as the pilot navigates slowly over different properties. Like all aircraft, hot air balloons utilize a 3-degree descent rate for a safe landing approach. Experienced pilots can land hot air balloons safely in small areas and various wind conditions.

Emergency and Precautionary Landings

In emergencies, the pilot’s primary objective is to ensure a safe landing. Most landowners tend to be understanding in these circumstances, focusing more on the safety of all involved rather than the inconvenience of an unexpected balloon landing.

It’s An Art And A Science

Landing a hot air balloon involves a complex blend of skill, cooperation, and adaptability. Pilots must master the subtle nuances of wind currents, work diligently with landowners, and prioritize safety. Each flight is a testament to the intricate dance between nature and human ingenuity, making hot air ballooning a unique and thrilling experience.